Honey bees have quite large crossover prices and you can lower low-crossover pricing
In the per nest, we become mosaic drone chromosomes that have genotype altering in one haplotype to the other of one’s king (Contour 1B; Figure S2B and you may Shape S4 in Most file step 1), that will be the consequence of COs otherwise gene conversion rates. Shortly after selection this type of possible non-allelic series alignments, the latest genotype switching things was indeed thought of across the chromosomes to understand the new CO or gene sales situations. Because most really noticed gene conversions in other taxa enjoys area lengths significantly less than just 10 kb [8,45], we assume that the fresh new covers that have >10 kb was an upshot of COs. In the event that covers lower than ten kb with the same genotype produced by among a few haplotypes of one’s king are believed so you can function as consequence of gene conversion rates (and crossover-related gene conversion rates and you may non-crossover gene conversions), while you are covers >10 kb are believed become COs, a maximum of step 3,505 COs and you can 250 gene conversion occurrences had been thought regarding the 43 drones (these are typically web sites regarding several COs associated with the high openings, A lot more file 4). Of those 250 gene sales the majority (221) aren’t when you look at the proximity to CO incidents and you will imply, we imagine, NCO events. Considering a beneficial genome of proportions 220 Mb (mutual amount of assembled chromosomes), which have on average 81.5 COs for each and every genome, we imagine a great CO rates out-of 37 cM/Mb and you will five to six NCO gene conversion rates each drone for every meiosis (Dining table 1 and you can Desk S4 when you look at the A lot more document 2). NCO incidents into the pit regions cannot be imagined when you find yourself CO events inside the pit regions in theory can often be understood. Given a great nine.04% gap on the genome, the real quantity of NCOs would be nine.04% large, which are a modification.
I keep in mind that relaxing brand new 10 kb assumption to your span so you can describe whether or not a recombination system shall be identified as gene conversion or crossover makes little to no change (Most file step one: Figure S5). 86 and you will , respectively); whenever we guess gene conversion process tracts are going to be as much as 20 kb the newest comparable wide variety handle in order to 6.21 in the place of . Ergo the fresh finding that really recombination incidents is crossovers and NCO gene conversion process appears to be unusual is actually robust to your ten kb presumption. So it mainly shows that rareness out-of recombination occurrences in the 1 in order to 20 kb variety, sure-enough when the gene conversion process are uncommon and you may tracts was brief. Furthermore in the event we’re ‘significantly more generous’ in order to gene conversion situations, raising the cutoff worthy of to help you one hundred kb, we recover only 10.3 gene conversions for each drone and 72.5 crossovers per drone. Once the the approach might be powerful in order to figuring NCO gene conversion pricing, these rates, and therefore bring one another NCO and you can unusual advanced CO relevant gene conversion, are liberal prices of your NCO gene rate of conversion (offered limits imposed by marker density). An it seems that reasonable NCO gene conversion rate thus is apparently a powerful conclusion connection singles.
When we enforce an upper limit getting gene sales of 1 kb then amount of gene conversions (each other NCO and you will CO-associated) goes down just a little and the CO price increases (so you’re able to cuatro
An enthusiastic implicit expectation we generate is the fact that recombination price counted within the drones is actually reflective of that educated of the family genes transmitted so you can specialists. Because the meiosis takes place ahead of employee/drone requirements, a priori i expect one genetics into the specialists and you will drones in order to have experienced a similar recombination price. This is certainly indeed the outcome. We discover sampling six pros out-of nest III (Tips for info) that amount of crossover occurrences inside for each haplotype (82.0 ± 8.6, about range of 69 in order to ninety; Table S1 within the Extra file 2) is not any unlike one to observed for the drones (two-tailed Brunner-Munzel take to, P = 0.90).