For the characterizing dialectic, Engels had written: “Head rules: conversion process off quantity and you will top quality-shared penetration off polar opposites and sales toward both whenever sent to extremes; innovation thanks to paradox, otherwise negation regarding negation; [and] the latest spiral variety of innovation” (Dialektika prirody, 1969, p
Pre-Marxist dialectic for this reason suggested a standard become regarding count, characteristics, community, and you will attention (present in Greek pure beliefs); a to get ones agencies when it comes to logical kinds (Platonism, Hegel); the fresh new teaching from right inquiries and you can answers and of disagreement (Socrates, the newest Stoics); a criticism to become and its particular substitute for from the a distinct and you may unknowable mutliplicity (Zeno out-of Elea); the newest philosophy off logically growing, likely axioms, judgments, and you may results (Aristotle): the fresh clinical exhaustion of all illusions away from human need, hence inconsistently aims with the a total wholeness and hence disintegrates to your contradictions (Kant); the latest subjectivist (Fichte), objectivist (Schelling), and you may absolutist (Hegel) viewpoints of spirit (Geist), because the indicated about become from kinds.
Grams. Belinskii, A great. I. Herzen, and you will N. G. Chernyshevskii reached a great materialist dialectic. In contrast to Hegel, they derived innovative findings regarding the ideas away from endless activity and you will development: in their mind dialectic was the new “algebra regarding trend” (discover A good. soch. vol. 9, 1956, p. 23). Bourgeois opinions once Hegel turned into away from the achievement throughout the area of dialectic that had been hit in the beetalk viewpoints. Hegels dialectic is actually declined by several philosophers as “sophistry,” an enthusiastic “mistake in reason,” as well as a “diseased perversion away from head” (R. Haym, Good. Trendelenburg, and E. von Hartmann). About Neo-Kantianism of your Marburg College or university (H. Cohen, P. Natorp) brand new dialectic from “abstract ideas” is actually replaced by the “logic of statistical idea of mode,” which lead to a beneficial negation of your own idea of substance and you may so you can “physical idealism.” Neo-Hegelianism arrived at this new thus-called bad dialectic, asserting that the contradictions found from inside the axioms testify with the nonreality, otherwise “seemingness,” of its objects. The latest unity regarding opposites try changed from the a unity regarding coexisting, supplementary issues with regard to reaching an integration of knowledge (F. Bradley). Dialectic also emerged once the a mixing out-of opposites, with the help of absolute instinct (B. Croce, R. Kroner, and i. A good. Ilin). H. Bergson advanced a request to your irrational and you can purely instinctual combining off opposites, a combination to be handled just like the good “secret.” Into the existentialism (K. Jaspers, J. P. Sartre) the latest dialectic is actually realized relativistically, because the an approximately options structure out-of awareness. Characteristics is considered as new areas of “positivist need,” whereas neighborhood is famous in the shape of “dialectical cause,” and that comes its standards out-of individual understanding as well as the private standard experience off humans. Other existentialists (Grams. Marcel, M. Buber) dump dialectic theologically, once the a network from inquiries and you will answers anywhere between awareness being. Information from a poor dialectic devised due to the fact a whole assertion from reality rather than ultimately causing a different sort of synthesis have been developed from the T. Adorno and H. Marcuse.
A consistently materialist interpretation of dialectic was provided with K. Marx and you will F. Engels, the new creators of your philosophy regarding dialectical materialism. Immediately after vitally exceeding new achievement out of preceding dialectic, Marx and you can Engels used the philosophy to your reworking out-of philosophy, political savings, and history also to the origin off an insurance policy and you will plans towards pros path. V. We. Lenin made an excellent sum for the growth of materialist dialectic. The classics from Marxism-Leninism admiration materialist dialectic as philosophy away from common interconnections and the most standard laws out-of development of getting and you can consider.
I. Herzen, Sobr
Materialist dialectic is indicated in a network out of classes and you will regulations. 1). What the law states of unity and you may disagreement out-of opposites occupies a great unique put one of the laws of the dialectic; Lenin titled they the latest central center of your own dialectic.